Memory: a complex dynamic system of information registration, manipulation, storage and retrieval. Human memory may be studied from two perspectives:
Information processing perspective (IP) and biological perspective (BP)
IP - studies mental operations involved in remembering. Mental Operations are functions involved between the perception of information and its use. IP studies the changes that take place within and across individuals with age in IP activities.
external events > sensory memory - as pay more attention encoding > short term memory > encoding.
Reasons for forgetting 1. Encoding failure leads to forgetting. 2. Retrieval failure leads to forgetting. 3. Repression - Long Term - not conscience; Short Term - conscious/ working memory.
> Long term memory (same reasons for forgetting apply).
Assumptions of IP approach: Humans are active--they seek and manipulate information. Humans can work with a limited amount of information on the conscious level. Humans transform information into storageable units to be retrieved later.
Processes in IP application 1. Encoding involves labelling information or attaching a code to it so it can be filed and retrieved, eg. names of relatives, friends, places I have visited et.....Encoding involves arranging information; creating mental associations. Older adults can through instruction improve encoding skills.
2. Storage - Place material into a file. However, material may decay and need to be reconstructed on the basis of memory traces of the experience to be remembered.
There are three types of Memory Storage. Sensory memory involves registration of sights, sounds, smells and is a temporary memory. Echoic memory exists for sounds and iconic memory for sights. This memory declines little with age. Sperling in the 1960's showed that one's sensory memory for visual stimuli is a complete record of the stimulus and with proper cuing one can recall several items immediately after the initial presentation of the stimulus.
to be continued .........
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