Paternal and Maternal Victimization of Psychological Partner Violence and spanking from University of Michigan, Research Student (Clarke?)
In the US, 39% of children, two to four years old were spanked. More likely to display aggressive behaviour. 45% of men and 49% of women experience Partner violence in their lifetime. It has a negative effect on parenting - inconsistent discipline - attachment insecurity with children (harsh parenting). Findings: Maternal psychological - Partner Violence - maternal depression ; spanking three year olds. Fathers - paternal depression did not determine spanking. Perpetrator is not associated with spanking. Violence in family potentially spills over to partner or parent-child.
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