Letters of St Paul - Response to simulated email from a teenager

Letters of St Paul

Response to email                                       Silva Redigonda

Dear

     Thank you for contacting me.  Yes, I know your dad and he talks a lot about you.  I am more than happy to help you with your history subject.  You have picked a very interesting and challenging project.  You have also raised some good questions.  So this email in response to your questions will almost be like a letter and almost like a paper you would submit.   Ok?   You may open the attachment to this email.  I have listed references for you at the bottom of specific pages.  You may also include me as your source so that you will not be accused of plagiarism.  They get very serious about that once you get into university.  If there is anything you do not                                          understand please let me know.   

                                                              Attachment    

     St Paul as you already know was an apostle.  There are so many opinions about St Paul and as you read more about him you will also form your own opinions.  As you continue to study St Paul and I hope you do, your understanding will grow and your opinions may change.  You have already begun.  It is best to try to understand that the period of that time was so different than now.  People spoke differently than they do now,  education was limited, there was no internet, cell phones, cars and etc…Try to imagine a world where nothing that you have now in technology existed?  I know that is difficult.  One thing to remember is that Acts and the epistles is more than history, it is also theology.  It is about God.  We don’t necessarily have all of Acts and all of the Letters of St Paul.  There may in the future be more discoveries of old scribes that will be found and that will fill in some blanks that may be missing.  So, read everything carefully and remember that when you read a letter of St Paul’s that it may be a continuation of another letter or it may be incomplete.   More may be found one day, and according to how old it is and how legitimate, it may change how we study St Paul, it may increase our knowledge of that time or it may fill in some gaps.  This applies to everything in some way does it not?  Things always change when something new is discovered and it changes our way of thinking or it makes more sense of something.  Also keep in mind when you are reading, that early Christians thought Jesus would be returning to them soon.  An Introduction To The New Testament  refers to this and the text is an excellent reference for you.[1]   You wonder if Acts made things up.  You are not alone in that thinking.  Let’s examine “historical liberties”.  When writing history some things are made up.  It is made up as how it should have happened.  Speeches are typically invented and Acts are speeches.  Often the speech that is written is better than the original.[2]    But, Acts is an authentic document locating the Christian movement.  It also provides a “smooth transition from the usual authorities of Judaism to the new authorities of the new community."[3]  Luke in Acts has an opportunity to preach his own way of interpreting salvation history and not solely recording what others say (de Silva, p 380).   The sermons in Acts are addressed to the Jews and are based heavily on “proofs from Old Testament prophecy being fulfilled in the life, death and resurrection of Jesus.” (de Silva, p 381) Acts offers a theological interpretation of Paul spreading Christianity “”to the end of the earth”” “(Acts 1:8).”  (Brown, pp 422 - 423) There is also too much known about Paul that is true in Acts to dismiss it completely (Brown, p 423).  There is information about Paul in Acts that is never found in St Paul’s Letters.  For example, Paul never reveals where he is born but Acts refers to Paul who was a citizen of Tarus (Brown, p 423).  It is also important that half of Acts is about St Paul’s spread of Christianity (Brown, p 452).  Both Acts and Letters provide a sense of the struggles St Paul faced and the hostility he encountered.  Paul did not have the position to automatically have a place to preach (Brown, p 448).  Acts and The letters of St Paul both “demonstrate God’s faithfulness to Israel and both point to the Jewish Christian mission and remnant as evidence (see Rom 9-11).” (de Silva, p 380)    Acts and the Letters of St Paul both refer to the “pouring out of the Holy Spirit as the “”promise of God”” (Acts 2:38-9); Gal 3:14).  Both also indicate that the conversion of Gentiles is turning away from idols “”to a living God”” (Acts 14:15; 1 Thess 1:9-10).  Both Acts and Paul also stress that “God provides deliverance to Jews and Gentiles” the same way by “”the favour of the Lord Jesus”” (Acts 15:11; Gal 2:15-16).  In the latter, in Acts Peter voices this (de Silva, p 380).    But, there are contradictions and this cannot be ignored.  An example would be the three accounts of Paul’s conversion.  Paul never speaks of a conversion, but of a calling or commission.  After a period of Paul persecuting, according to Gal 1:13-7 and Acts 9:1-9, Paul receives a divine revelation where he encounters Jesus and then stays in Damascus.  In 1 Cor 9:1 and 15:8, Paul reports that he actually saw Jesus.  None of the three accounts of the experience in Acts does Paul actually see Jesus.  Paul though does see a light (Brown, p 427).  Here you can examine Paul’s letter as a primary source.  St Paul does see Jesus.  The secondary source being that Paul is seeing a light.  Using Paul as your first source (primary source) and Acts as your secondary source is one way to guide you with your project (Brown, p 422).|         

     Letters provide you with direct information about a situation being addressed (de Silva, p 354).  Letters could have been written by the writer or by someone else for him and were intended to be read aloud to persuade (Brown, 411).  Paul often writes to encourage people he is converting by praising their faith and their participation (Brown, p 412).  Letters have a certain format.  It has an opening, consisting of the writer as mentioned.  It also has an addressee, which is usually a community in the New Testament.  There is a body which introduces the reason for the letter.  It could be a petition or a request.  The ending is usually a wish of good health and farewell (Brown, pp 415-418).  To help you understand the letters of St Paul, take a look at the Letter of Paul to the Romans, Salutation  1-7.[4] You may use any bible you like.  The heading is a salutation, a greeting.  Paul is identifying himself as a servant [slave] of Jesus Christ called to be an apostle. Paul is providing a source of his authority, that being God.  St Paul is directing this letter to “all God’s beloved in Rome, who are called to be saints.”  In the body, Paul is evangelizing “to bring about faith among all the Gentiles for the sake of his name [Jesus Christ].                       

  St Paul ends the letter with “Grace to you and peace from God…” Grace was a common closing.  This means gifts; undeserved benefits.[5]  

     Luke’s objective is to legitimize the Christian movement and the accurate form it takes as a predominant Gentile movement.  Luke in the first seven chapter of Acts demonstrates how the official spokespeople (temple priests and the Sanhedrin) no longer speak for the one God, because it is now Jesus’ apostles who have that role.  Luke tries to demonstrate that the Christian movement is a development within Judaism and a legitimate continuation, and not a danger to Roman peace.  Luke has an urge to provide a detailed account of early Christianity for the Christians of that time (de Silva, pp 354 – 355).  These first seven chapters also demonstrate the power struggle between the temple authorities and the leaders of Jesus followers (de Silva, p 357).

     You gave an example of Acts making things up by mentioning Ananias and Sapphira dropping dead.  Let us use that passage to examine Acts.  This is written to signify that the apostles are filled with the power of God and therefore no unrighteous person may stand before them.  “In the temple precincts the expectation of dropping dead only accompanies unauthorized or improper entry into the land of holies.” (de Silva, p 360) This is a good example of the problem of reading passages as we would anything else we read nowadays.  This is what provides distorted views.  To quote the bible and say this is exactly what happened because it says so right here is not altogether fair or true.  One must be reminded that the language and phrases of that time may mean an entirely different thing from how we read it without that knowledge.      

                  Your presentation is about the beginning of Christianity and you want do the presentation on how St Paul traveled around the empire and was a big part of getting Churches started.  St Paul did more than anyone, during his time to lead people to learn what Jesus Christ meant to the world (Brown, p 446).  Also, no other follower of Jesus during the times of the New Testament left a written testimony as Paul did (Brown, p 451).   When Paul travelled he would preach the story about Christ whenever he arrived to a place (Brown, p 440).  Brown provides a table [table 6. Pauline Chronology] on page 428 which I recommend you use to guide you with St Paul’s journey. 

        I hope I have helped to clear some things up for you.  Are you still wondering how much of Acts you should use?  Do you still think that you should ignore some parts?  Sometimes, there is more of a need to examine the parts we would rather ignore.  We may wish to ignore it because we do not understand it.   

     Many scholars and theologians who have spent years studying the letters of St Paul and Acts disagree with each other.  This is because they interpret the passages differently or they may consider other sources to add to their interpretation.  One needs to understand the culture of the time, the restriction of education, the usage of different language and additional authentic scrolls which can support different meaning.  Beliefs were also different.  Hence, the confusion of Anania and Sapphira dropping dead.   

     In summary, though there are contradictions in Acts and the Letters of St Paul, there is supporting information in both, complementing one with the other.  There is also information in Acts which is not in the Letters of St Paul that supports unanswered questions.  Acts is an authentic document.  Letters provides direct information and has a format of an opening, body and closing.  Acts offers a transition from the usual authorities of Judaism to the new community of followers of Jesus.  Luke adds his own interpretations and offers a theological perspective of Paul spreading Christianity.  The letters of St Paul were intended to be read aloud and to persuade.  In Act, Luke tells a story with a theological theme. 

     I have tried my best to answer your questions.  Please do not hesitate to contact me again if I have not made myself clear.  I do not usually talk to teenagers and I hope I have made myself understandable to you.  This is a very complex project you are undertaking and my hat is off to you.  Please say hello to your dad and tell him lunch is on him.

        

---

[1] Brown, Raymond E.,  An Introduction To The New Testament. 1^st Edition. Anchor Bible Reference Library.  New York: Doubleday, 1997. Chapter 15, page 409.  Further reference to this text will be indicated by Author’s name and page number.  

[2] Prof Shantz, Colleen, St Michael College, Class instruction, 15 Sep 10.

[3] David deSilva, “Acts of the Apostles,” pp, 349-89 in Introduction to the New Testament (InterVarsity, 2004).

[4] The Bible.  New Revised Standard Version Bible with Apocrypha,  Catholic Edition. Hendrickson Publishers, Peabody, 1993.

[5] Prof Shantz, Colleen, St Michael College, Class instruction, 22 Sep 2010.  

Mayor of Toronto - Rob Ford

     I have never had so much complaining and attempts of being persuaded not to vote for someone as I have for supporting Ford.  I am not very political.  The only time I ever protested was in high school when they threatened to extend school for another two weeks.  Two more weeks of school would interfere with holidays and so many of us marched down to Queens Park expecting that objective to be terminated.  My history teacher threatened to give us a zero if we walked out.  Feeling cocky with my 90 % in history, I told her what I thought.  I hope I am no longer that cocky.  I hope I have outgrown my teens.  Our school year was extended and until last Monday when I was trying to find my way into the exhibition, I found myself an unwilling party in a protest.  I had taken the bus after not taking it for ages, and could not get into the grounds because of what the TTC called a parade.  We were dropped off on a side street and I crisscrossed via the side streets until I found myself with a group of union people who all seemed to have bands to get into the CNE for free, or at least  that was what I was told.    Trying to get out of that parade and into the grounds where I was late meeting up with a friend was impossible due to the gates on one side which I did not want to climb over, in my flip flops.  My mood improved throughout the day because of the fun I had.  I will in future drive my car to the CNE.  I will never again go on the last day.  So that has been my experience with protests and politics.

     Back to Rob Ford - I find that people I know who did vote for Ford and are in some position of respectability do not want others to know that they have voted for him.  I have a strong belief in democracy and have no hesitation to indicate who I vote for.  This is what makes Canada great.  We should always be free to say who we want to vote for or support without any backlash  normally found in non-democratic countries.  I also have had people who obviously never picked up a newspaper bash Ford mercilessly without having the right information.  As an example, one woman said that she didn’t like Ford because he expected the people to pay for extending his property.  I tried to explain that the property he wanted to buy with his own money was vacant city land.  She looked confused and then I got a bashing from another woman who had probably given her that information.  I am always amazed.  However, I myself rarely take an interest in politics even though I do always vote, mostly by trying a process of elimination of who is the politician who will in my opinion cause the least damage.  This time, with Ford, I actually voted him not through this process of elimination but by actually choosing him.  I saw him only once at the Mandarin just before he won.  He walked right past me looking straight ahead.  It must be horrible to always be in the public eye.  One is not allowed to do anything without it possibly being front page news.  Who among us is so perfect that we need not worry about what we say and do?  I voted for Ford for one simple reason - money is being spent needlessly as if there is no consequence.  I still remember watching the news when Ford stopped funding the parties and then coffee for their city gatherings.  One counsellor dramatically got some gofer to go get her coffee.  I think she was performing for the camera thinking this was favorable. 

          I find Ford refreshing.  He is always getting into trouble for one thing or another but I like the way he speaks his mind.  Do I think he should stop talking on his cell phone and texting etc…while driving?  Absolutely!  He does deserve a driver if he is working to catch up.  However, I will still vote for him.  I see how he is stirring the pot.  Our city politicians are there or should be there for what is best for our city and not themselves.  The poor are getting poorer and the rich, richer while the middle class is struggling to maintain their status as never before.  Something needs to be done to stop what is not working.  Lucrative pension plans for little time in office needs to be stopped.   Self increases in payments and benefits needs to be stopped.  Our little city which is growing needs to mature and find solutions to get back on track as well as our province.  Counsellors need to work with the Mayor and not against him to find solutions to make our city better and greater.  I hope this last fiasco that is threatening the Mayor’s job will not turf him out of office.  We need someone to stir the pot.  We need someone to step on toes so we can see beyond the finesse and sophistication of those who waste our hard earned dollars.  We need someone to expose what is not fair and to stop wasteful spending.  I think what we need right now is Ford and his refreshing no nonsense – stop the gravy train.  Let’s remember and be thankful that we are a democratic society.  Let us keep it that way or return to it if we have strayed.              

Being ethical in what I write

Belonging to different organizations with different ethical expectations requires me to be careful in what I write if I declare I belong or am affiliated with one specific organization.  What I write on this blog is what I have learned from various institutions and work related experience and education, and does not reflect the ideas and teaching from any one specific institution.   

Sexual assault is never the victim's fault

I am always amazed at how little we learn with history repeating itself trying to teach us.  It does not matter how you dress, how little, how much or not at all, a sexual preditor assaults for power.  Women or men or even children who are sexually assaulted often feel responsible and this is unfortunate.  It does not help that people often criticize others by how they look.  If you have been sexually assaulted, it is not under any conditions your fault.  Please remember that, regardless of what you hear.  Please also get help.   Too many people who have been victimized keep this nightmare to themselves.  Find someone to share your burden.  Join a therapy group to share your pain and learn that you are not alone or seek help one on one.  No one has the right to touch anyone else without permission.  No one has the right to have sex with someone who does not want it and it does not matter at what point this is decided.   Sexual contact needs to be agreed on by both parties.  It is never, never, the victims fault.    

EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON ALCOHOL AND SLEEP (undergrad psyc paper) for your interest

Running head: EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON ALCOHOL AND SLEEP

The effect of exercise in reducing sleep caused by intoxication

Silva Redigonda  

Abstract

"One hundred and four mice, 52 males and 52 females, were assigned to wheel (free-access to a running wheel in their home cage) or no-wheel conditions, with body-weight balanced between the two groups. At the end of a five-week training period, all of the animals were removed from their cages injected with the same dose of alcohol. Their sensitivity to alcohol was accessed by measuring how long it took each mouse to fall asleep. The exercised mice took longer to fall into an alcohol-induced sleep and had reduced sleep duration. Exercise caused a significant decrease in body-weight of male, but not female, mice. The present results suggest that exercise training may be effective in reducing alcohol-induced sleep" (Abstract 2, assignment 3, unknown author, PSYC 2030 Introduction to Research Methods).

The Effect of Exercise in reducing sleep caused by intoxication

Exercise and alcohol consumption are factors that can affect the quality of life for many individuals in society. Exercise is typically considered to have positive health benefits and frequent and/or chronic alcohol consumption is generally associated with negative health risks.  The purpose of this study is to determine how exercise can decrease the negative effects of alcohol consumption on sleep caused by intoxication. 

Previous work has looked at the relationship between exercise and quality of life.  One study looked at how exercise has an important role to play in reducing the rate of aging (Samorajski, Delaney & Durham, 1985).  This study found that exercise helps slow down aging and helps individuals decrease their probability of developing diseases related to aging, "Regular, long-term exercise may retard the normal aging process and help prevent age-related diseases in human beings" (Samorajski et al, 1985).

     Other studies have also investigated the effects of exercise but in relation to the effects of alcohol.  For example, on study looked at the effects of exercise in conjunction with alcohol intoxication and found that prior exercise can reduce the effects of alcohol intoxication (Mollenauer, Bryson, Speck & Chamberlin, 1992).  Another study looked at the opposite relationship and found that alcohol consumption can have a negative effect on exercise, "Alcohol use is directly linked to the rate of injury sustained in sport events and appears to evoke detrimental effects on exercise performance capacity" (El-Sayed, Ali, & El-Sayed Ali, 2005).

     One study reported the effects of exercise and alcohol consumption using rats and found that, "Physical training attenuates the chronic ethanol-induced hypertension via reduction of body weight, clearance of ethanol, and augmentation of the aortic endothelial relaxation response in rats" Husain, Ortiz & Lalla, 2006).  The purpose of the above mentioned study was to discuss the inconsistencies present in the literature about the benefits or risks of alcohol in relation to exercise:

There are contradictory reports about the influence of

chronic alcohol consumption on vascular responsiveness

in the presence and absence of endothelium to    

vasodiators. These conflicting reports are related to

differences in dose, duration and mode of ethanol

exposure at different experimental conditions. Hence,

this study is based on established exact and controlled oral hypertensive dose and duration of ethanol in a rat model. (p. 247)

A study by Finn, Benjamin, Jones, Syapin and Alkana (1989) used mice to investigate how exposure to very cold temperatures can effect the metabolism of alcohol.  The authors of this study contend that, "These results provide further evidence that body temperature during intoxication can have major effects on mortality rates in mice" (Finn et al, 1989).

The studies discussed above have articulated that an effect between alcohol and exercise exists, the relationship between these variables have important implications on quality of life, and that there is a need to study this effect under controlled conditions. This present study, therefore, has combined the existing knowledge of the relationship between the variables at hand to investigate how they can interact with sleep; in particular, sleep induced by intoxication.

Method

Subjects

104 mice were obtained from a laboratory for study purposes. There were 52 male mice and 52 female mice.  The mice were randomly selected and immediately placed in their correct cages according to their condition.  The male and female mice were distributed evenly across conditions so that 26 female mice and 26 male mice were assigned to the wheel condition and 26 female mice and 26 male mice were assigned to the no wheel condition. Ethical procedures were followed in the treatment of the mice. 

Apparatus

     Four large cages were used to house the mice.  Males and females were kept in separate cages and there were separate cages for male or female mice in the wheel or no wheel conditions.  The two cages that were occupied by mice in the wheel condition were equipped with a standard laboratory running wheel made by Samson Co. model number: 1458972363.   The body temperature of the mice were measured by a standard rectal thermometer made by Johnsons and Johnsons model number: 4782349982.  A scale made by Kilby-sons was used to measure body weight, model number: 98726389037. A syringe was used to inject the mice with alcohol and a timer was used to measure time awake and time asleep.

Procedure

     As soon as the mice were brought into the laboratory, they were randomly assigned and placed in their cages.  Temperature measurements were recorded for all mice prior to experimentation to make sure all mice were healthy at the start of the experiment.  No abnormal temperatures were found. All the mice were subsequently weighed to record body weight prior to experimentation. Body weight measurements were compared for all mice to determine if they had been randomly selected and were equivalent in all conditions for body weight.  The analysis of body weight confirmed random assignment.

     After the initial measurements of the mice were collected, the mice were free to roam around their cages.  Food and water were easily accessible to all the mice.  For mice in the wheel condition, the amount of times the wheel was used by a given mouse was recorded in order to record amount of exercise undertaken by each mouse in this condition.  All the mice in the wheel condition were found to have exercised roughly an equal amount. 

     After a five-week exercise regimen, all the mice in the wheel condition and in the no wheel condition were taken out of their cages and injected with 0.001 mg of alcohol.  All mice were injected with the same amount of alcohol. Immediately following the injection, the mice were timed with a timer to record how long it would take them to fall asleep.  Once the mice fell asleep, they were timed for how long they slept.  After the mice woke up, their body weight was measured to determine whether or not their weight fluctuated as a result of the alcohol injection.

Results

Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to check that there were no differences between the mice in either condition in regards to their temperature and body weight.  Table 1 lists the respective mean body temperature and body weight for mice in either condition.  There were no differences found between groups on these measures.

Data were then analyzed to determine if differences existed between groups for time it took the mice to fall asleep after they were injected with alcohol.   A t-test was used to determine if any differences that were found between the groups were significant.

H_o: m_{time to fall asleep for wheel group} = m_{time to fall asleep for no wheel group}

        H₁: m_{time to fall asleep for wheel group} ¹ m_{time to fall asleep for no wheel group}

a = 0.05

     The subjects averaged M =    minutes to fall asleep in the wheel condition with SD =   . Statistical analysis indicates that the time spent to fall asleep for mice in the wheel condition was significantly more than would be expected by chance, t( ) =   ,p < .05.

Data were then analyzed to determine if differences existed between groups for the duration of sleeping time once the mice fell asleep.   A t-test was used to determine if differences between the groups were significant.

H_o: m_{duration of sleeping time for wheel group} = m_{duration of sleeping time for no wheel group}

H₁: m_{duration of sleeping time for wheel group} ¹ m_{duration of sleeping time for no wheel group}

a = 0.05

     The subjects averaged M =    minutes to stay asleep in the wheel condition with SD =   . Statistical analysis indicates that the time spent sleeping for mice in the wheel condition was significantly less than would be expected by chance, t( ) =   ,p < .05.

Data were analyzed to determine if differences existed between groups for body weight after alcohol injection.   A t-test was used to determine if differences between the groups were significant.

H_o: m_{body weight for wheel group} = m_{body weight for no wheel group}

H₁: m_{body weight for wheel group} ¹ m_{body weight for no wheel group}

a = 0.05

     The male subjects averaged M =    body weight in the wheel condition with SD =   and the female subjects averaged M =    body weight in the wheel condition. Statistical analysis indicates that body weight for the male subjects in the wheel condition was significantly less than would be expected by chance, t( ) =   ,p < .05. The body weight change for female subjects was not significant.

The differences between groups are presented in Table 2.  The differences are also displayed on Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3.

Discussion

     The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not exercise has a positive impact on reducing intoxication-induced sleep.  Based on past studies, exercise has positive health benefits ranging from prolonged longevity (Samorajski et al, 1985) to reducing hypertension and body weight as caused by alcohol consumption (Husain et al, 2006). Based on the results of this present study, exercise helps to prolong the onset of sleep and helps to reduce intoxication-induced sleep. This claim is supported by the length of time it took mice to fall asleep and stay asleep in the two conditions.  The mice who were in the wheel condition and had the opportunity to exercise daily, took longer to fall asleep after being injected with alcohol.  The mice in the wheel condition also spent less time in the intoxication-induced sleep.  The mice who were in the no wheel condition, however, fell asleep much faster after being injected with alcohol and stayed asleep longer as well.  The differences were significant, which demonstrates that these differences were not likely due to chance.

     This study supports findings from other studies, which have also found that exercise can help reduce the negative effects of intoxication (Mollenauer et al, 1992).  It is unclear as to why changes in body weight occurred for males but not for females.  More studies would need to be conducted to investigate this phenomenon.  Another limitation of this study is that the results may not be generalizable to humans, and thus it may not be accurate to say that humans would also experience less sleep-induced intoxication if they were to follow an exercise regimen.  While an experiment such as this one could not be conducted on humans for ethical reasons, it would be possible to recruit participants who self-report high consumption of alcohol and put them on an exercise regimen to determine if similar results would ensue.

References

El-Sayed, M. S., Ali, N., & El-Sayed Ali, Z. (2005). Interaction

between alcohol and exercise. Sports Medicine, 35(3), 257-

269.

Finn, D. A., Bejanian, M., Jones, B. L., Syapin, P. J., &

Alkana, R.L.(1989). Temperature affects ethanol lethality

in C57BL/6, 129, LS and SS mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry

& Behavior, 34, 375-380.

Husain, K., Ortiz, M. V., & Lalla, J. (2006). Physical training

ameliorates chronic alcohol-induced hypertension and aortic

reactivity in rats. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 41, 247-253.

Mollenauer, S., Bryson, R., Speck, C, & Chamberlin, J. R.(1992).

     Effects of exercise on ethanol-induced hypothermia

and loss of righting response in C7BL/6J mice. Pharmacology

Biochemistry & Behavior, 43, 285-290.

Samorajski, T., Delaney, C., & Durham, L. (1985). Effect of

exercise on longevity, body weight, locomotor performance,

and passive-avoidance memory of C57BL/6J mice. Neurobiology

of aging, 6, 17-24.

 

 

Table 1

Means for Different Treatments

Condition	Mean Male Mice Body Temperature	Mean Female Mice Body Temperature	Mean Male Mice Body Weight	Mean Female Mice Body Weight
Wheel
No Wheel

 

Table 2

Condition	Mean Male time to fall asleep	Mean Female time to fall asleep	Mean Male time to stay asleep	Mean female time to stay asleep
Wheel
No Wheel

 

 

 

 

 

Figure Captions

Figure 1. Graph of amount of time to sleep per condition

Figure 2. Graph of amount of time spent sleeping per condition

Figure 3. Graph of body weight change in male mice

Time it took mice to fall asleep per condition

Length of time mice spent sleeping per condition

Changes in body weight for male mice per condition

Male body weight

Wheel

No Wheel

 

Stage model of lifespan development - psych notes

Schaie’s   (1977- 78) stage model of lifespan development:

1.  Acquisitive Stage :  Children and adolescents acquire information for own sake.

2.  Achieving Stage:     Late teens and twenties, use knowledge to be competent and independent.

3.  Responsible Stage:  Late 30’s to early 60’s – Knowledge to accomplish goals, solve practical problems associated with their work and family responsibilities.

4.  Executive Stage:  30’s and 40’s – achieving and responsible stages overlap and are custodians of social life.

5.  Re-integrative Stage:  Older adults – concentration on what has personal meaning.         

An invitation to former fellow students

I have sent all my peers from 2nd Advance Counselling Education an email suggesting we all get together for peer review, referrals, sharing of reading material and of course socializing.   I suggested once a month Mondays or Saturdays and am waiting for feedback.  Anyone else who have already graduated ahead of us is welcomed to join us if you wish.   My email will be in your old manuals.  It has not changed.

What do you think?