Temperament: Composed of traits such as sociability, emotionality; activity level. Temperament becomes the raw material out of which personality evolves (Endler, 1989).
Nature and Nurture: Not one or the other. One is born with temperamental qualities (nature). Whether these qualities persist or are modified is dependant upon person and environment (nurture) interaction. Scarr (1983) puts forward the gene-environment relationships model. She says the kinds of G--E relationships that exist determine the behavioural --personality outcomes observed.
1. In a passive G--E relation, the child receives the genotype (G) from the parents and the parents provide the environment (E) compatible with the child genotype (G). Thus the child takes no action in either providing the G or E. Parents who are sociable pass on the "sociable G" to the child and provides "environmental "E" opportunities.
2. In Evocative G--E relationships a child may show for example a high curiosity and receives from the environment re-enforcement for doing so. Here the child evokes a response from the environment which in turn re-enforces the child's genetically influenced disposition.
3. Negative Passive G--E relationship: In this case the child's genetic disposition (G) may be shy, yet the parents expose the child to group activities (B). Thus the genetic predisposition and the environment are not congruent. It is very likely that the environment will shape a less likely child.
Bio- Cultural identity conflict - home and outside
4. Active - G-E relationship: As the child grows older, she is less influenced by parental choices in environment and comes to chose those environements congruent with her genetic predisposition. The genotype (G) guides and drives experience (E).
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