Social problems arise out of necessary subjectivity in which there are different views of a situation and “reality” is in part created by the knower (Sinnott, 1984, p 250). Immature thinkers are more egocentric and less able to detach emotionally from a problem. Older, more mature thinkers are aware of the subjectivity involved in problem issues and recommend solutions based on understanding and mutual respect for the parties involved. Sometimes crises situations prompts a shift to more advanced post-formal thought patterns when the world no longer makes “sense” as it has previously.
Sinnot’s (1984) criteria for post-formal thought:
1. Shifting gears - seeing from another point of view.
2. Multiple causality, multiple solutions.
3. Pragmatism - how practical is this? Can we do it? And
4. Awareness of Paradox – ironies.
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