Organismic and Contextual Theories emphasize charting the qualitative changes - universal and individual - in thought and morale thinking.
A. Intelligence: Fluid intelligence or the ability to solve novel problems gradually diminishes with age. However, crystallized intelligence - a product of learning and experience does not diminish (Hoyer and Rybash, 94).
1. Chrystalized Knowledge involves organzing and integrating information into one's memory bank and accessing it effeciently. Further, according to Encapsulation Theory, more and more of one's fluid thinking becomes dedicated to specific knowledge systems and the manipulation of the knowledge to solve new problems remains intact.
2. The difference between experts and non experts is not one of absolute intelligence but information processing. Adults refine and reorganize old knowledge where as children and young adults assimilate new knowledge.
3. Encapsulation Theory - is consistant with Sternberg's notion of Tact Knowledge - increased competance in some areas and loss in others. However, tacit knowledge makes problem solving automatic because it represents the application of accumulated knowledge of problems.
.........to be continued
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